# Isoperimetric dimension

In mathematics, the isoperimetric dimension of a manifold is a notion of dimension that tries to capture how the "large-scale behavior" of the manifold resembles that of a Euclidean space (unlike the topological dimension or the Hausdorff dimension which compare different "local behaviors" against those of the Euclidean space).

In the Euclidean space, the isoperimetric inequality says that of all bodies with the same volume, the ball has the smallest surface area. In other manifolds it is usually very difficult to find the precise body minimizing the surface area, and this is not what the isoperimetric dimension is about. The question we will ask is, what is "approximately" the minimal surface area, whatever the body realizing it might be.

Formal definition

We say about a manifold "M" that it satisfies a "d"-dimensional isoperimetric inequality if for any open set "D" in "M" with a smooth boundary one has

:$mathrm\left\{area\right\},\left(partial D\right)geq C,mathrm\left\{vol\right\},\left(D\right)^\left\{\left(d-1\right)/d\right\}.,$

The notations vol and area refer to the regular notions of volume and surface area on the manifold, or more precisely, if the manifold has "n" topological dimensions then vol refers to "n"-dimensional volume and area refers to ("n" − 1)-dimensional volume. "C" here refers to some constant, which does not depend on "D" (it may depend on the manifold and on "d").

The isoperimetric dimension of "M" is the supremum of all values of "d" such that "M" satisfies a "d"-dimensional isoperimetric inequality.

Examples

A "d"-dimensional Euclidean space has isoperimetric dimension "d". This is the well known isoperimetric problem &mdash; as discussed above, for the Euclidean space the constant "C" is known precisely since the minimum is achieved for the ball.

An infinite cylinder (i.e. a product of the circle and the line) has topological dimension 2 but isoperimetric dimension 1. Indeed, multiplying any manifold with a compact manifold does not change the isoperimetric dimension (it only changes the value of the constant "C"). Any compact manifold has isoperimetric dimension 0.

It is also possible for the isoperimetric dimension to be larger than the topological dimension. The simplest example is the infinite jungle gym, which has topological dimension 2 and isoperimetric dimension 3. See [http://www.math.ucla.edu/~bon/jungle.html] for pictures and Mathematica code.

The hyperbolic plane has topological dimension 2 and isoperimetric dimension infinity. In fact the hyperbolic plane has positive Cheeger constant. This means that it satisfies the inequality

:$mathrm\left\{area\right\},\left(partial D\right)geq C,mathrm\left\{vol\right\},\left(D\right),$

which obviously implies infinite isoperimetric dimension.

Isoperimetric dimension of graphs

The isoperimetric dimension of graphs can be defined in a similar fashion. there is no need to have an area and volume measures. One simply counts points. For every subset "A" of the graph "G" one defines $partial A$ as the set of vertices in $Gsetminus A$ with a neighbor in "A". A "d"-dimensional isoperimetric inequality is now defined by

:$|partial A|geq C|A|^\left\{\left(d-1\right)/d\right\}.$

The graph analogs of all the examples above hold. The isoperimetric dimension of any finite graph is 0. The isoperimetric dimension of a "d"-dimensional grid is "d". In general, the isoperimetric dimension is preserved by quasi isometries, both by quasi-isometries between manifolds, between graphs, and even by quasi isometries carrying manifolds to graphs, with the respective definitions. In rough terms, this means that a graph "mimicking" a given manifold (as the grid mimics the Euclidean space) would have the same isoperimetric dimension as the manifold. An infinite complete binary tree has isoperimetric dimension ∞.

Consequences of isoperimetry

A simple integration over "r" (or sum in the case of graphs) shows that a "d"-dimensional isoperimetric inequality implies a "d"-dimensional volume growth, namely

:$mathrm\left\{vol\right\},B\left(x,r\right)geq Cr^d$

where "B"("x","r") denotes the ball of radius "r" around the point "x" in the Riemannian distance or in the graph distance. In general, the opposite is not true, i.e. even uniformly exponential volume growth does not imply any kind of isoperimetric inequality. A simple example can be had by taking the graph Z (i.e. all the integers with edges between "n" and "n" + 1) and connecting to the vertex "n" a complete binary tree of height |"n"|. Both properties (exponential growth and 0 isoperimetric dimension) are easy to verify.

An interesting exception is the case of groups. It turns out that a group with polynomial growth of order "d" has isoperimetric dimension "d". This holds both for the case of Lie groups and for the Cayley graph of a finitely generated group.

A theorem of Varopoulos connects the isoperimetric dimension of a graph to the rate of escape of random walk on the graph. The result states

"Varopoulos' theorem: If G is a graph satisfying a d-dimensional isoperimetric inequality then"

:$p_n\left(x,y\right)leq Cn^\left\{-d/2\right\}$

"where" $scriptstyle p_n\left(x,y\right),$ "is the probability that a random walk on G starting from x will be in y after n steps, and C is some constant."

References

* Isaac Chavel, "Isoperimetric Inequalities: Differential geometric and analytic persepectives", Cambridge university press, Cambridge, UK (2001), ISBN 0-521-80267-9:Discusses the topic in the context of manifolds, no mention of graphs.
* N. Th. Varopoulos, "Isoperimetric inequalities and Markov chains", J. Funct. Anal. 63:2 (1985), 215-239.
* Thierry Coulhon and Laurent Saloff-Coste, "Isopérimétrie pour les groupes et les variétés", Rev. Mat. Iberoamericana 9:2 (1993), 293-314. :This paper contains the result that on groups of polynomial growth, volume growth and isoperimetric inequalities are equivalent. In French.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

### Look at other dictionaries:

• Isoperimetric inequality — The isoperimetric inequality is a geometric inequality involving the square of the circumference of a closed curve in the plane and the area of a plane region it encloses, as well as its various generalizations. Isoperimetric literally means… …   Wikipedia

• Dimension — 0d redirects here. For 0D, see 0d (disambiguation). For other uses, see Dimension (disambiguation). From left to right, the square, the cube, and the tesseract. The square is bounded by 1 dimensional lines, the cube by 2 dimensional areas, and… …   Wikipedia

• Dimension (disambiguation) — A dimension is a spatial characteristic of an object; that is, length, width, or height. Dimension may also be: Contents 1 Science: 2 Mathematics: 3 Media: 4 Other …   Wikipedia

• List of mathematics articles (I) — NOTOC Ia IA automorphism ICER Icosagon Icosahedral 120 cell Icosahedral prism Icosahedral symmetry Icosahedron Icosian Calculus Icosian game Icosidodecadodecahedron Icosidodecahedron Icositetrachoric honeycomb Icositruncated dodecadodecahedron… …   Wikipedia

• Wikiproyecto:Matemáticas — …   Wikipedia Español

• Wikipedia:Artículos solicitados — Atajos WP:AS WP:SOL Artículos solicitados En esta página pue …   Wikipedia Español

• Theoreme isoperimetrique — Théorème isopérimétrique En géométrie, un théorème isopérimétrique traite d une question concernant les compacts d un espace métrique muni d une mesure. Un exemple simple est donné par les compacts d un plan euclidien. Les compacts concernés sont …   Wikipédia en Français

• Théorème isopérimétrique — En géométrie, un théorème isopérimétrique traite d une question concernant les compacts d un espace métrique muni d une mesure. Un exemple simple est donné par les compacts d un plan euclidien. Les compacts concernés sont ceux de mesures finies… …   Wikipédia en Français

• Arc rectifiable — Longueur d un arc Camille Jordan est l auteur de la définition la plus courante de la longueur d un arc. En géométrie, la question de la longueur d un arc est intuitivement simple à concevoir. L idée d arc correspond à celle d une ligne, ou d une …   Wikipédia en Français

• Courbe rectifiable — Longueur d un arc Camille Jordan est l auteur de la définition la plus courante de la longueur d un arc. En géométrie, la question de la longueur d un arc est intuitivement simple à concevoir. L idée d arc correspond à celle d une ligne, ou d une …   Wikipédia en Français