# Mortgage calculator

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Mortgage calculator

Mortgage calculators are used to help a current or potential real estate owner determine how much they can afford to borrow on a piece of real estate. Mortgage calculators can also be used to compare the costs, interest rates, payment schedules, or help determine the change in the length of the mortgage loan by making added principal payments.

A mortgage calculator is an automated tool that enables the user to quickly determine the financial implications of changes in one or more variables in a mortgage financing arrangement. The major variables include loan principal balance, periodic interest rate compound interest, number of payments per year, total number of payments and the regular payment amount.

Mortgage calculation capabilities can be found on financial handheld calculators such as the HP-12C or Texas Instruments TI BA II Plus. There are also multiple free online free mortgage calculators, and software programs offering financial and mortgage calculations.

## Uses

When purchasing a new home most buyers choose to finance a portion of the purchase price via the use of mortgage. Prior to the wide availability of mortgage calculators, those wishing to understand the financial implications of changes to the five main variables in a mortgage transaction were forced to use compound interest rate tables. These tables generally required a working understanding of compound interest mathematics for proper use. In contrast, mortgage calculators make answers to questions regarding the impact of changes in mortgage variables available to everyone.

Mortgage calculators can be used to answer such questions as:

If I borrow $250,000 at a 7% annual interest rate and pay the loan back over thirty years, with$3,000 annual property tax payment, $1,500 annual property insurance cost and 0.5% annual private mortgage insurance payment, what will my monthly payment be? The answer is$2,142.42.

You can use an online mortgage calculator to see how much property you can afford. A lender will compare your total monthly income and your total monthly debt load. A mortgage calculator can help you add up all your income sources and compare this to all your monthly debt payments. It can also factor in a potential mortgage payment and other associated housing costs (property taxes, homeownership dues, etc.). You can test different loan sizes and interest rates. Generally speaking, lenders do not like to see all of your debt payments (including your property expense) exceed around 40% of your total monthly pretax income. Some mortgage lenders are known to allow as high as 55%.

## Monthly payment formula

The fixed monthly payment for a fixed rate mortgage is the amount paid by the borrower every month that ensures that the loan is paid off in full with interest at the end of its term. The monthly payment formula is based on the annuity formula. The monthly payment c depends upon:

• r - the monthly interest rate, expressed as a decimal, not a percentage (i.e., divide the quoted yearly percentage rate by 100 and then by 12 to obtain the monthly interest rate), Note that this is approximate, Annual interest = (1+monthly interest)^12-1, not = monthly interest * 12 as used here.
• N - the number of monthly payments, called the loan's term, and
• P - the amount borrowed, known as the loan's principal.

c is given by the formula:

$c = \frac{r P}{1-(1+r)^{-N}}$

For example, for a home loan for $200,000 with a fixed yearly interest rate of 6.5% for 30 years, the principal is P = 200000, the monthly interest rate is r = 6.5 / 100 / 12, the number of monthly payments is $N=30\cdot 12=360$, the fixed monthly payment equals$1264.14. This formula is provided using the financial function PMT in a spreadsheet such as Excel. In the example, the monthly payment is obtained by entering either of the these formulas:

=PMT(6.5/100/12,30*12,200000)
=((6.5/100/12) * 200000) / (1 - ((1 + (6.5/100/12)) ^ (-30*12)))
= 1264.14

This monthly payment formula is easy to derive, and the derivation illustrates how fixed-rate mortgage loans work. The amount owed on the loan at the end of every month equals the amount owed from the previous month, plus the interest on this amount, minus the fixed amount paid every month. This fact results in the debt schedule:

Amount owed at month 0: P
Amount owed at month 1: (1 + r)Pc
Amount owed at month 2: (1 + r)((1 + r)Pc) − c = (1 + r)2P − (1 + (1 + r))c
Amount owed at month 3: (1 + r)((1 + r)((1 + r)Pc) − c) − c = (1 + r)3P − (1 + (1 + r) + (1 + r)2)c
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Amount owed at month N: $(1+r)^NP - (1+(1+r)+(1+r)^2+ \cdots +(1+r)^{N-1})c$

The polynomial $p_N(x)=1+x+x^2+ \cdots +x^{N-1}$ appearing before the fixed monthly payment c (with x = 1 + r) is called a cyclotomic polynomial; it has a simple closed-form expression obtained from observing that xpN(x) − pN(x) = xN − 1 because all but the first and last terms in this difference cancel each other out. Therefore, solving for pN(x) yields the much simpler closed-form expression

$p_N(x)=1+x+x^2+ \cdots +x^{N-1} = \frac{x^N-1}{x-1}.$

Applying this fact about cyclotomic polynomials to the amount owed at the Nth month,

Amount owed at month N
\begin{align} & {} = (1+r)^NP - p_N(1+r)c \\ & {} = (1+r)^NP - \frac{(1+r)^N-1}{1+r-1} c \\ & {} = (1+r)^NP - \frac{(1+r)^N-1}{r} c. \end{align}

With a fixed rate mortgage, the borrower agrees to pay off the loan completely at the end of the loan's term, so the amount owed at month N must be zero. For this to happen, the monthly payment c can be obtained from the previous equation to obtain:

\begin{align} c & {} = \frac{r(1+r)^N}{(1+r)^N-1}P \\ & {} = \frac{r}{1-(1+r)^{-N}}P \end{align}

which is the formula originally provided. This derivation illustrates three key components of fixed-rate loans: (1) the fixed monthly payment depends upon the amount borrowed, the interest rate, and the length of time over which the loan is repaid; (2) the amount owed every month equals the amount owed from the previous month plus interest on that amount, minus the fixed monthly payment; (3) the fixed monthly payment is chosen so that the loan is paid off in full with interest at the end of its term and no more money is owed.

## Adjustable Interest Rates

While adjustable rate mortgages have been around for decades,[1] from 2002 through 2005 adjustable-rate mortgages became more complicated as did the calculations involved.[2] Lending became much more creative which complicated the calculations. Subprime lending and creative loans such as the “pick a payment”,[3] “pay option”,[4] and “hybrid” loans brought on new era of mortgage calculations. The more creative adjustable mortgages meant some changes in the calculations to specifically handle these complicated loans. To calculate the annual percentage rates (APR) many more variables needed to be added, including: the starting interest rate; the length of time at that rate; the recast; the payment change; the index; the margins; the periodic interest change cap; the payment cap; lifetime cap; the negative amortization cap; and others.[5] Many lenders created their own software programs, and World Savings even had contracted special calculators to be made by Calculated Industries specifically for their “pick a payment” program.[6] However, by the late 2000s the Great Recession brought an end to many of the creative “pick-a-payment” type of loans which left many borrowers with higher loan balances over time, and owing more than their houses were worth.[7] This also helped reduce the more complicated calculations that went along with these mortgages.

## Mortgage Analyzer

As a recent trend since 2007, in a wake of a financial crisis that was founded on many individuals' bad mortgage decision in residential borrowing, a new generation of mortgage calculation tools has emerged.[citation needed] They are better equipped to estimate the long term cost and financial risk of various types of mortgages.[citation needed] Rather than mortgage calculator, the new type of tools has become popularly known as "mortgage analyzer". Their main advantage is in the analysis of adjustable rate mortgages where the potential cost and amount owing of the mortgage are estimated under thousands, sometimes millions of possible future mortgage rate scenarios, and then aggregate figures for average cost and risk based on all scenarios is estimated.[citation needed] Conventional mortgage calculators are capable of handling just a handful of scenarios.[citation needed]

## Total Interest Paid Formula

The total amount of interest I that will be paid over the lifetime of the loan is the difference of the total payment amount (cN) and the loan principal (P):

I = cNP

where c is the fixed monthly payment, N is the number of payments that will be made, and P is the principal balance left on the loan.

In the United Kingdom, the regulatory body (The FSA - Financial Services Authority) which regulate the lenders (banks & building societies) have not enforced their authority to standardise the calculation of mortgages. The general public and many mortgage professionals are unaware that each lender calculates mortgages in completely different ways. Many UK lenders have, over the years, changed their calculation methods. Some have changed their calculations several times and as lenders have merged with each other, calculation methods are changed.[citation needed]

In Spain for example, their regulatory authority has issued and enforced a standard calculation method which is enforced by law, so comparison of Spanish mortgages is a level playing field and can be compared..[citation needed]

## References

1. ^ "History of ARMs". Loantech. Retrieved 2011-09-22.
2. ^ http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_37/b4000001.htm>
3. ^ "'Pick-a-payment' mortgage risks are high". Usatoday.Com. 2005-07-19. Retrieved 2011-09-22.
4. ^
5. ^ "Pick-a-Payment ARM ~ Using Pay Option ARM Calculator". Mortgage-x.com. Retrieved 2011-09-22.
6. ^ [1]
7. ^ "Wachovia eliminates pick-a-payment mortgage loans - San Francisco Business Times". Bizjournals.com. Retrieved 2011-09-22.

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