- Antidote
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For other uses, see Antidote (disambiguation).
An antidote is a substance which can counteract a form of poisoning.[1] The term ultimately derives from the Greek αντιδιδοναι antididonai, "given against".
The antidotes for some particular toxins are manufactured by injecting the toxin into an animal in small doses and extracting the resulting antibodies from the host animals' blood. This results in an antivenom that can be used to counteract poison produced by certain species of snakes, spiders, and other venomous animals. A number of venoms lack a viable antivenom, and a bite or sting from an animal producing such a toxin often results in death. Some animal venoms, especially those produced by arthropods (e.g. certain spiders, scorpions, bees, etc.) are only potentially lethal when they provoke allergic reactions and induce anaphylactic shock; as such, there is no "antidote" for these venoms because it is not a form of poisoning and anaphylactic shock can be treated (e.g., by the use of epinephrine).
Some other toxins have no known antidote. For example, the poison aconitine, a highly poisonous alkaloid derived from various aconite species has no antidote, and as a result is often fatal if it enters the human body in sufficient quantities.
Contents
Mechanical approaches
Ingested poisons are frequently treated by the oral administration of activated charcoal, which adsorbs the poison and flushes it from the digestive tract, thereby removing a large part of the toxin. Poisons which are injected into the body (such as those from bites or stings from venomous animals) are usually treated by the use of a constriction band which limits the flow of lymph and/or blood to the area, thus slowing circulation of the poison around the body. This should not be confused with use of a tourniquet which cuts off blood flow completely - often leading to the loss of the limb.
List of antidotes
Agent Indication Activated charcoal with sorbital used for many oral toxins Atropine organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, nerve agents, some mushrooms Beta Blocker theophylline Calcium chloride calcium channel blockers, black widow spider bites Calcium gluconate hydrofluoric acid Chelators such as EDTA, dimercaprol (BAL), penicillamine, and 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA, succimer) heavy metal poisoning Cyanide antidote (amyl nitrite, sodium nitrite, or thiosulfate) cyanide poisoning Cyproheptadine serotonin syndrome Deferoxamine mesylate Iron poisoning Digoxin Immune Fab antibody (Digibind and Digifab) digoxin poisoning Diphenhydramine hydrochloride and benztropine mesylate Extrapyramidal reactions associated with antipsychotic Ethanol or fomepizole ethylene glycol poisoning and methanol poisoning Flumazenil benzodiazepine poisoning Glucagon beta blocker poisoning and calcium channel blocker poisoning 100% oxygen or hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) carbon monoxide poisoning and cyanide poisoning Insulin beta blocker poisoning and calcium channel blocker poisoning Leucovorin methotrexate and trimethoprim Methylene blue treatment of conditions that cause methemoglobinemia Naloxone hydrochloride opioid poisoning N-acetylcysteine Paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning Octreotide oral hypoglycemic agents Pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM) organophosphate insecticides Protamine sulfate Heparin poisoning Prussian blue Thallium poisoning Physostigmine sulfate anticholinergic poisoning Pyridoxine Isoniazid poisoning, ethylene glycol Phytomenadione (vitamin K) and fresh frozen plasma warfarin poisoning and indanedione Sodium bicarbonate ASA, TCAs with a wide QRS References
See also
- Snakebite
- Tourniquet
- Universal antidote
Antidotes (V03AB) Nervous system Barbiturate overdoseBemegride • EthamivanBenzodiazepine overdoseGHB overdoseReversal of neuromuscular blockadeCardiovascular Other Paracetamol toxicity (Acetaminophen)OtherPrednisolone/promethazine • oxidizing agent (potassium permanganate) • iodine-131 (Potassium iodide) • Methylthioninium chloride#Emetic Ipecacuanha (Syrup of ipecac) • Copper sulfateToxicology Fields Concepts Treatments Antidote · Gastric lavage · Whole bowel irrigation · Activated carbon · Cathartic · Hemodialysis · Chelation therapy · HemoperfusionIncidents Bradford · Minamata · Niigata · Alexander Litvinenko · Bhopal · 2007 pet food recalls · Seveso disaster · List of poisoningsRelated topics Categories:- Antidotes
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Antidote RX — Antidote (logiciel) Pour les articles homonymes, voir Antidote (homonymie). Antidote … Wikipédia en Français
antidote — [ ɑ̃tidɔt ] n. m. • XIIe; lat. d o. gr. antidotum 1 ♦ Contrepoison. Le lait est l antidote du phosphore. 2 ♦ Fig. Remède contre un mal moral. Un antidote à l ennui. ⇒ dérivatif. « d excellents antidotes contre la mélancolie » (Montesquieu). ●… … Encyclopédie Universelle
antidote — ANTIDOTE. s. m. Contrepoison, remède pour se garantir de la peste, de l effet du poison, du venin. Bon, puissant, grand, excellent antidote. Antidote spécifique. La thériaque est un antidote contre la peste, contre la piqûre des serpens. Prendre… … Dictionnaire de l'Académie Française 1798
Antidote — An ti*dote, v. t. 1. To counteract or prevent the effects of, by giving or taking an antidote. [1913 Webster] Nor could Alexander himself . . . antidote . . . the poisonous draught, when it had once got into his veins. South. [1913 Webster] 2. To … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
antidote — ANTIDOTE. s. m. Contrepoison, remede pour se garantir de l effet du poison, ou du venin. Bon, puissant, grand, specifique, excellent antidote. la theriaque est un antidote contre la peste, contre la piqueure des serpents. prendre de l antidote … Dictionnaire de l'Académie française
Antidote — An ti*dote ([a^]n t[i^]*d[=o]t), n. [L. antidotum, Gr. anti doton (sc. fa rmakon), fr. anti dotos given against; anti against + dido nai to give: cf. F. antidote. See {Dose}, n.] 1. A remedy to counteract the effects of poison, or of anything… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
antidoté — antidoté, ée (an ti do té, tée) adj. Pourvu d antidote. • Nous instruisant par gracieux préceptes Et par sermons de joie antidotés, J. B. ROUSS. Épît. III, 1, à Marot.. HISTORIQUE XVIe s. • Les fanfreluches antidotées, trouvées en un… … Dictionnaire de la Langue Française d'Émile Littré
antidote — ► NOUN 1) a medicine taken to counteract a poison. 2) something that counteracts an unpleasant feeling or situation: laughter is a good antidote to stress. ORIGIN Greek antidoton, from anti against + didonai give … English terms dictionary
antidote — [an′tə dōt΄] n. [ME & OFr antidote < L antidotum < Gr antidoton < anti , against + dotos, given < didonai, to give: see DATE1] 1. a remedy to counteract a poison 2. anything that works against an evil or unwanted condition antidotal… … English World dictionary
antidote — index cure, remedy (that which corrects) Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary
Antidote — [griechisch], Singular Antidot das, (e)s, Gegenmittel, Substanzen, die die Wirkung von Giften dadurch aufheben, dass sie diese Stoffe binden oder an der Bindung am Gewebe hindern, die Giftausscheidung beschleunigen oder Gegenreaktionen des… … Universal-Lexikon